Strengths And Limitations Of Education Campaigns Health Essay

Qualities And Limitations Of Education Campaigns Health Essay To build up the requirement for instruction among the populace and its crucial job in diminishing HIV transmission. To survey the viability (and in this manner the qualities and constraints) of different instructive battles in forestalling spread of HIV. To decide the mental and social factors that may add to the adequacy of such battles. During the 1980s and 1990s, the spread of HIV expanded drastically inside the UK, anyway has eased back down in the course of the most recent 20 years (1). Right now there are roughly 33 million individuals around the globe who are living with HIV, and every year an ever increasing number of individuals are being contaminated (2). There are a few techniques set up to help forestall the spread of HIV, including intercessions for sex laborers, treatment of STIs, willful guiding and testing and needle trade programs (3). Nonetheless, maybe one of the most significant strategies in forestalling the spread of the infection is teaching the populace both overall and as individual gatherings. When individuals have the information about how HIV is transmitted and what it is, they are then ready to take their own fundamental insurances in keeping themselves from getting tainted (4). For those as of now with HIV, instructive crusades can help increment mindfulness about how to adapt and live to the illness just as telling them the best way to forestall its transmission. For the most part, instructive battles normally will in general spotlight on in danger gatherings, for example, men who engage in sexual relations with men, sex laborers and intravenous medication clients (5, 6). In spite of the fact that this is a reasonable methodology, it is additionally significant that the crusades don't bar the training of numerous different gatherings who are not considered straightforwardly in danger, for example, the older (6). This is significant as it can build criticism of the in danger gatherings, just as not regarding the way that HIV is a non discrimative infection and can contaminate anybody. By investigating 4 sorts of instructive crusades, it is conceivable to evaluate the qualities and constraints of each, just as deciding the mental and social factors that may make a battle pretty much viable. Broad communications Campaigns Broad communications crusades are commonly utilized by governments as a technique to drastically build general mindfulness among the entire populace (2). Numerous types of media can be utilized, for instance notices on TV, web sites, flyers and banners dispersed to every family unit. This kind of instructive crusade guarantees that everybody has a similar familiarity with HIV, and can likewise be utilized to provoke individuals into further research for themselves (7). During the 1980s, the UK propelled one such crusade, with the motto: AIDS: Dont kick the bucket of obliviousness (8). This had an extraordinary impact in expanding general mindfulness among the entire populace, anyway this sort of mass training additionally has its impediments. The general adequacy is hard to evaluate, as it is such a general type of training, just as the way that it isn't the main strategy for HIV counteraction strategies that were established around then (9). Additionally, it doesn't target explicit conduct gives that should be changed and with its across the board system it likewise is hard to arrive at peripheral gatherings (2). Another angle that is a significant destruction is that it might even expand disgrace and separation as some early battles utilized dread as the fundamental factor in lessening HIV spread, which made numerous individuals become frightful of those with HIV (10). It additionally could have prompted a decline in individuals getting tried for HIV as they were so stressed over the impacts, both social just as physical. On the off chance that these dread crusades were engaged to explicit hazard gatherings, it could cause a significant defamation of these individuals which would empower the view that on the off chance that you were not a piece of the hazard bunch there was no should be worried about HIV (2). HIV training in schools Around 1 of every 6 new HIV contaminations in 2008 were among individuals who were under 15 years of age (2). In this way it is critical for youngsters to be outfitted with the information about what HIV is, the manner by which it is transmitted, and how they can decrease their danger of getting contaminated whether or not they are explicitly dynamic or not. Schools are an astounding spot to build youthful people groups mindfulness as they are so all inclusive and in this way would have the option to focus on a wide crowd. Likewise proof shows that when focused at a youthful age, instructive battles for wellbeing advancement will in general be met all the more responsively by the youthful (11). By ingraining youngsters with information about HIV hazards and lessening oppression those with HIV at an early age, these thoughts and qualities will be held for the duration of their lives and help in the drawn out reduction in HIV pervasiveness (12). Anyway there are still a few confinements to instructive crusades inside schools. The idea of the instruction may not be general, as certain schools may concentrate on forbearance just projects, which would not educate about safe sex and condom use (12). Since 1997, USA subsidizing has expanded in advancing these sorts of projects inside its schools in spite of studies indicating that there is no drawn out impact on sexual wellbeing results (12). Some strict schools over the world additionally forestall the instructing of safe sex and condom use among the youthful as well as everyone (2). HIV training in the work environment Just as schools, the work environment is likewise a perfect spot to focus on a wide crowd who might be responsive to itemized data about HIV and its transmission. By expanding mindfulness about HIV and AIDS inside the work environment, individuals who are both conveying just as getting this data would then have the option to actualize the practices both in their working lives just as showing their loved ones (2). There are likewise numerous callings that may in certainty convey an expanded danger of HIV transmission, for instance those that work in human services (13). These laborers would be at an expanded peril of percutaneous wounds and explicit instruction about how to stay away from such wounds and what to do in case of one happening is fundamental to forestalling the viruss transmission (14). Expanded information about the illness would likewise have the advantage of decreasing the shame encompassing HIV and AIDS and forestall segregation in the working environment. This kind of training, albeit viable, may not be instituted at each working environment in this way a few diseases may at present happen through absence of mindfulness. Additionally shame and oppression the individuals who are contaminated may likewise ledge exist. HIV and Peer Education Companion training is an amazing method of teaching various gatherings, particularly those gatherings which will in general be underestimated by society (2). It is a method of helping individuals inside these gatherings to identify with the speaker and to be open about the substance of conversation (15). As the companion teachers are by and large from a comparable social foundation as the gathering, it is subsequently a considerably more loose and social method of instruction. Individuals additionally may feel significantly increasingly happy with posing inquiries about delicate subjects and issues to somebody they can identify with and feel progressively loose around (16). Studies have indicated that peer instruction works especially well with citizenry who are in danger of HIV however incredulous of definitive figures, for example, those in penitentiaries (2). This is significant as it gives a fantastic method of contacting those in minimized gatherings who need HIV training to bui ld mindfulness yet may not realize how to approach accepting this. Likewise with all the above strategies for instructive battles, peer training would be dependable and precise, as the individuals who are teaching would have experienced later and important preparing (16). Notwithstanding, peer training might be hard to set up, and would likewise be dependant on government backing and private associations and good cause setting them up in any case. Issues, for example, national oppression gay people would likewise decrease the degree of instruction gave, for instance in nations, for example, Zimbabwe, where the president has straightforwardly censured homosexuality (17). End In spite of the fact that these are not by any means the only kinds of instructive systems accessible, every ha a few qualities and well as a couple of constraints. The constraints will in general be engaged towards a degree of shame and victimization those with HIV and a dread of the infection itself by the two people just as governments. Anyway it is just with right understanding and instruction in the issues encompassing HIV that individuals can figure out how to maintain a strategic distance from pointless disease and regard the way that HIV is an all inclusive issue and can influence anybody. Instruction is exceptionally significant, anyway on its own it can just go so far in halting the spread of HIV. Different techniques for hurt avoidance should likewise be established to guarantee that HIV transmission is limited, for instance needle trade programs, open facility testing and available condoms would be required (4). When individuals comprehend the social just as physical elements related with HIV, they should have the option to have spots to go that offer help and can support them on the off chance that they wished to encourage their insight about the infection. Taking everything into account, instructive crusades must both be far reaching to get to the populace in general, just as focused to people and explicit gatherings so as to change dangerous practices both in the short and long haul.

Why dont Milwaukee School of Engineering offer bus passes for students Assignment - 1

Why dont Milwaukee School of Engineering offer transport goes for understudies - Assignment Example The circumstance of movement in the grounds is needing particularly for understudies. There are numerous advantages of the transport passes however the two that stand apart are; cost adequacy and comfort for the staff and the understudies. It is additionally beneficial taking note of that to advance the transport pass culture; MSOE can receive the U-Pass culture and furthermore remember the expense for transport go for educational cost to keep away from moment installment of transport pass charge which may be seen exorbitant for the time being. On the extraordinary end they can offer free transport go as an impetus for understudies. Anyway the difficulties confronted incorporate security issues at get focuses, non 24 hour activity and the expenses brought about by the grounds. It is along these lines seen that transport pass culture is a superior culture by gauging the upsides and downsides and in this way it is suggested that the reception of the U-Pass or some other limited or free transport pass is essential for learning in MSOE This is a report on the easygoing investigation of the transportation circumstance in Milwaukee School of Engineering with explicit respect to the utilization of transport passes by understudies. This college usually alluded to as MSOE is a private college arranged in the parts downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is a philanthropic making element that offers degrees in Engineering, Nursing, Mathematics, Business, Technical correspondence among others. Throughout the years the school has had an extraordinary radical of graduate and college understudies. By 2011 the count of understudies was assessed at in excess of 2500 understudies sharing both alumni and college classes. Because of the ascent in the quantity of understudies, transportation to the issue has been a difficult issue and discussion about the most secure, generally helpful and most conservative type of movement understudies should utilize has been on the rising. Understudies, residents and different partners have placed ent husiasm for the issue and have offered different recommendations on the best travel mode for understudies. This college is among the

The Language of Admissions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

The Language of Admissions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions The Language of Admissions My daughter, who is a sophomore International Affairs major at UGA, probably thinks she can hold her own in a hospital operating room. Why? Because being a Greys Anatomy fangirl has taught her all the medical lingo she would ever need in this life. Fourteen seasons and 317 episodes of the life of Meredith Grey, Cristina Yang, Miranda Bailey, McDreamy, McSteamy, and all the other doctors of Seattle Grace/Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital have taught her well. Words like V-Fib, central line, metastasis, Pre and Post-Op, and phrases such as I need a ten-blade and 100 ccs of epi stat can just roll off her tongue. Me, I am terrified of blood, and almost all medical terms just go right over my head, even with a wife who is a nurse. In the same way, a number of occupations and offices have their own language. If you have ever been to the Varsity (a wonderfully greasy hamburger place in Atlanta and Athens), you know they have their own lingo for food, from a Naked Dog to Chili Steak all the way (see the Varsity Lingo page for the full details). Whether you are an accountant, in construction, work in finance or are a lawyer, every field seems to have their own language. College admissions is no different, and it can sometimes get confusing. Here is a helpful guide to some of the key words and phrases in the world of admissions. Binding: While there are many Early terms (early decision, early action, early notification, early admission, and EA II), the key term is for all of these is whether the offer is binding, meaning that X college is considered an applicants top choice, and if admitted, they will attend (thus a binding offer). A number of colleges such as UGA have a non-binding Early Action option (see Early Action below). Blind/Neutral: For many colleges, there will be information that the university as a whole will need to ask for some specific reason (gender for housing, family finances for financial aid) which are not used in the admission process. If a school is need blind, for instance, this means that the admissions office does not use (or even see, thus the word blind) the financial data of an applicant when making an admission decision (such as UGA). Other times, there are questions on the admission application that need to be asked for purposes other than admission (alumni information for the alumni office, gender and ethnicity for federal reporting), but are treated as a neutral non factor in the admission process. At UGA, these three factors-alumni, gender and ethnicity, have to be asked (along with a few others), but we do not use them in our admission review process. Common/Coalition Application:There are two applications which are used by a number of colleges and allow for a student to enter in a majority of their personal information (biographic data, co-curricular info, etc.) for all colleges to use and then complete a smaller amount of institution specific questions needed by each college. UGA uses both the Coalition application and our own application. Dawg: Also known as a bulldog, it is the most fierce and wonderful mascot in the known world. This is not an admission term, but one that you should know nonetheless. Defer/Deferral: A deferral decision is generally associated with an Early decision of some kind, and the college is not able to make a decision due to wanting more information about the applicant and the overall pool of applicants and more time to review the files. This is neither a denial or an offer of admission (or a wait list offer), but simply a need by the college for more time and information before making a decision on the student. The student will then be placed within the other applicants waiting for a decision, and they will be treated the same as these other applicants. Double Deposit: This is when a student sends in a deposit to two colleges (without a wait list offer being involved) to hold a place in the freshman class instead of just one. This is really looked down upon by colleges, and I compare it to a person being engaged to two people at one time. At times, this could cause a student to have an offer of admission be rescinded, as a student should only deposit at one institution. Early Action (EA): This decision plan is a non-binding review of a students application during the early part of the admission process, and it takes place in the fall of the students senior year. At UGA, the focus is on the overall academic standing of both the applicant and the Early Action applicant pool, and the deadline is earlier than for Regular Decision applicants (at UGA the EA deadline is 10/15). The decisions can be either Admit, Deny, or Defer, and a denial decision is final. FAFSA: The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is a federal government form that students and parents complete in January/February of their senior year to apply for need based federal assistance. This form helps to determine the students eligibility for federal aid, including grants, loans and student work-study aid. Holistic Review: This is when an admissions office will do a detailed review of everything within an applicants file, and look at things such as academics, academic trends, essays, activities, leadership, recommendations (if required), supplemental materials, the rigor of a students coursework, etc. The readers of the file will try to get a sense of the overall applicant, and how the different areas of the file interconnect. This process has nothing to do with crystals, wheat germ, or any other uses of the word holistic. Interest/Demonstrated Interest: Some colleges (UGA is not included) take into account the amount of interest a prospective student has shown towards the college when making an admissions decision. If a student attends X colleges program at their high school, visits the college either on special prospective student days or for a tour and information session, or keeps in contact with the admissions counselor for their area, it can show that a student is seriously interested in X college. On the flip side, there are some students who are unable to visit X college, have limited resources, or finds out about X college late in the senior year, and cannot show as much interest. Again, some colleges use this in their process, while others (like UGA) do not. Melt: After admitted freshman send in a deposit to a college, they at times will change their mind about attending said college. Most admissions offices know that if they receive X deposits, about 3-5% of these students will ultimately not enroll, as they could have issues with finances, be admitted of a wait list at another college, have academic issues, decide to delay college, double deposit (see above), etc. At times, this is also called summer melt, as this occurs generally between May 1 and mid-August. Most colleges, such as UGA, will build this into their projections for their freshman classes. Prospect/Prospective Applicant: When a student contacts a college to request more information, sends an SAT/ACT score to admissions, or indicates gives a college their contact information at a college fair, they go into the colleges recruitment system as a prospective applicant so that the college can begin communicating with them. In addition, if you take the PSAT/PLAN or the SAT/ACT, you can ask to be a part of the student search process, and this will allow colleges to access your information from the testing agency to start communicating with you about the college search process. Rigor/Rigor of Curriculum: Colleges look at what options a student has with their course options in high school, and what courses they actually then take over their four years. In an admission review, the context of a students academic course load, and it will be come a part of both the academic and overall review of an application. Colleges look at what Honors, Advanced, Accelerated, Advanced Placement (AP), International Baccalaureate (IB), Dual Enrollment, and other types of courses in a review of a students rigor. School Report/Counselor Recommendation: A majority of colleges that have competitive admission processes will ask for a letter of recommendation and/or a form from a students high school counselor. This gives the college some detailed information about the school, the individual student, and the counselors insights into what the student has done academically and personally. Superscoring SAT/ACTs: A number of colleges (including UGA) will use the strongest subscores of standardized test (either the SAT or ACT) to make the strongest overall score within that specific test type. So if your first SAT exam had results of SAT EBRW 600 and SAT M 700 and your second SAT exam had results of SAT EBRW 700 and SAT M 650, your overall superscore would be EBRW 700 + M 700 = 1400. The same goes for the subscores of the ACT making a superscored ACT Composite. UGA does not combine SAT and ACT scores though (we do not add an SAT EBRW of 700 to an ACT M of 34, etc.) Wait List: Many colleges (such as UGA) have a limited number of freshman that they can enroll each year, and thus must try to come as close to possible in predicting how many admitted students will actually choose to enroll at their college. If the admissions offices prediction is low, they will go to a group of students they have not admitted or denied, called the wait list, where if there is enough room in the freshman class, they will then consider for admission. Wait List students are told to move forward with a plan B college, as colleges will not know if they can go to a wait list until mid-May at the earliest, and wait list students are given the option if they would like to stay on the list or not. Yield: Colleges know that not all students they admit will choose to enroll, and the percentage of students who do decide to enroll is called the Yield percentage. There is a wide range of yield percentages at colleges, with UGA averaging slightly over 50% over the past several years.

Dating, Marriage, And Divorce - 1365 Words

Dating, Marriage, Divorce Dating, marriage, and divorce are three very important topics that each have commands from God to us. This paper will cover the Godly view on the three, and how the worldly views contradict and harm the marriage bed. First of all, Christian dating compared to â€Å"normal† dating is very different and is viewed as strange to many people. God commands that dating is to be pure and free of sexual immorality. Nowadays, it is just about the opposite of that. Many people decide to live together while they are dating, perhaps to see if they can handle living together, or just because they don’t feel like waiting. Many decide to have sexual relations before marriage. Some do this to see if they have sexul chemistry, or just†¦show more content†¦Genesis 2: 24 says, â€Å"That is why a man leaves his father and mother and is united to his wife, and they become one flesh.† This is very clear passage that states how special marriage is, and what a blessing sex is i nside of marriage. â€Å"It must be remembered that God has instructed us that the gift of sex has been given man in order to help Him produce children (Gen. 1: 28), express mutual love, receive the benefits of close companionship, and for mutual enjoyment. (Gen. 2: 18-24).† (Counseling Couples Contemplating Divorce) God created Eve from Adam so he would not be alone and so he could be fruitful and increase in number, as in says in Genesis 1:28, â€Å"God blessed them and said to them, â€Å"Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground.† Just as Adam loved Eve, husbands are to love their wives as Christ loves the church, and wives are to submit themselves to their husbands. Ephesians 5:33 says, â€Å"However, each one of you also must love his wife as he loves himself, and the wife must respect her husband.† God clearly says that loveShow MoreRelatedDivorce And Its Effect On Society1019 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce has been on a rise in America since the past thirty years. Almost every person might be having a divorced member in its family. Divorce has been reported to be the major cause of suicide as well. Many factors lead to divorce, some of which are online dating, financial problems and physical abuse. In the ancient Roman Republic, a simple statement for divorce was sufficient for the dissolution of a marriage. Some local Church councils even had the equivalent of no-fault divorce, in whichRead MoreThe Problem Of Dating After Divorce1522 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the toughest things to deal with after a divorce is the anxiety of having to start the dating game all over again. This anxiety is often made much worse by the confusion that seem to set in when one is also clueless about what the correct timeline is for dating after divorce. Many divorced people don t know when it is right to start dating again simply because they are also unaware of the fact that more than one type of dating option is available to them. The good news, I’ve come to realizeRead MoreDivorce : The And Legal Ending Of A Marriage1741 Words   |  7 PagesDivorce, which is the termination and legal ending of a marriage of a couple, maybe of the opposite sex or of the same-sex, has been on a rise in America for the past thirty years. Almost every second person has a divorced member in its family today. 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Military Command Relationships - 1283 Words

Command Relationships Command relationships delineate authority, responsibility, and accountability for force protection and execution of the collective mission, defining command relations, and understanding the four types of command relationships are essential to effective communications and mission execution. To understand command relationships one must first understand the organizational structure of the Armed Forces Leadership and key terms that communicate authority and the relationships derived from the structured authority. In a post Katrina analysis a breakdown of command relationships revealed the need for centralized decision-making authority, and an understanding of the military role in domestic emergencies. In hind sight it†¦show more content†¦In an analysis of the situation in the aftermath of Katrina, there is a clear delineation of authority, with the National Guard of individual states remaining under state executive control of the Governor when not federa lized (Tkacz, 2006). Understanding the progression of the levels of command is paramount to understanding command interactions and how command elements are unified under one Senior Military Officer forming specific operational command relationships. Command Relationships Command relationships preserve the preeminence of civil authorities in their domains of obligation while enabling the full utilization of military forces as permitted by the United States Constitution, Congressional law, and Presidential directives (Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2013). All United States military forces within respective branches operate under a single commander establishing a successive authority structure. Army command relationships define superior and subordinate relationships between unit commanders. By stipulating a chain of command, command relationships amalgamates effort and enable commanders to use subordinate forces with extreme flexibility. Army command relationships classify the level of control exerted on subordinate organizations (U.S. Department of the Army, 2014). The type of command relationship is designated by the estimated duration ofShow MoreRelatedMilitary Cyber: An Evolution In Command Relationships Essay example1415 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States Cyber Command is less than four years old. 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He was distant from the army to protect the important military strategic city. Thucydides’ failure was his absence that made his army psychologically impotent

The Symbolic Use of Nature in the Romantic Period Free Essays

LITR 211 English Literature 18th Century to the Present Week 6 January 15, 2012 Essay #1 â€Å"The symbolic use of nature in the Romantic Period† Olejniczak, Brian #4029035 The Romantic period has very little to do with its actual name. Rather, the authors of this period used descriptive imagery and extensively referenced nature because the use of nature is symbolic. There are many authors of the Romantic period that illustrate this point. We will write a custom essay sample on The Symbolic Use of Nature in the Romantic Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead of embracing the political lifestyle of the period like other era authors did, the Romantics turned to nature for inspiration. Romantics turned to nature for self fulfillment. They were turning away from the values and ideas of the previous era, embracing new ways of expressing their imagination and feelings. Instead of a concentration on ‘head,’ the intellectual focus of reason, they preferred to rely on the self, in the radical idea of individual freedom. Instead of striving for perfection, the Romantics preferred ‘the glory of the imperfect. ’† (Lombardi 2012. ) The Romantic author’s stressed the importance of the individual and boldness over the ideals of the coming Victorian age’s ideals of loyalty and fraternity. The onset of the Romantic period is said to have begun with the writings of William Wordsworth with such works as â€Å"Lines written in early spring† and â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud. † In Wordsworth’s ‘Lines Written In Early Spring’ he states â€Å"To her fair works did Nature link The human soul that through me ran; And much it grieved my heart to think What man has made of man. † (Wordsworth Line 5-8. ) Here you can clearly see Wordsworth’s use of nature and how it affects the human soul. In this poem the speaker is sitting in a very lush meadow that is graphically described with such words like â€Å"sweet† and â€Å"budding twigs. † Wordsworth is very elaborate in his description of the meadow in which he is sitting in. Wordsworth looks at Nature and through his views sad thoughts come to his mind. Here he expresses his conviction in that knowledge of reality is reached through emotions and intuitions that Nature generates at being observed by man. Being Nature the real representation of reality and godliness as well. Through primrose tufts, in that green bower The periwinkle trailed its wreaths And ‘tis my faith that every flower Enjoys the air it breaths. † (Wordsworth Line 9-12) In lines nine through twelve, he observes nature at its peak, in all its splendor and beauty. He tells about its dynamic development when he describes how the periwinkle trains its branches through the grass. He also displays his implication in this development o f natural events expressing his desire for the flowers to rejoice at their existence. Wordsworth’s poems initiated the Romantic era by emphasizing feeling, instinct, and pleasure above formality and mannerism. Lombardi, Esther (2012). Ask. com: Romantic Period: Where did it all begin? Retrieved on January 12, 2012 from http://classiclit. about. com/od/britishromantics/a/aa_britromantic. htm Wordsworth, William. Editor Bartleby Bookstore. â€Å"Lines Written In Early Spring† Retrieved on January 13, 2012 from http://www. bartleby. com/145/ww130. html How to cite The Symbolic Use of Nature in the Romantic Period, Papers

Representations of Female Insanity free essay sample

This essay looks at the madness of female characters in Frank Norris McTeague and Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper. This paper compares and contrasts the representations of female insanity in Frank Norris? ?Mcteague? and Charlotte Perkins Gilman?s ?The Yellow Wallpaper specifically looking at Trina and the narrator and how such characters fit in to the stereotypes that women were faced with at the turn of the twentieth century. From the paper: ?The end of the nineteenth century represented a time of turmoil for the American female. There was conflict about what a woman?s role was in society. Many believed that women should be a kind of angel in the house, or a true woman, one that was a virtuous and passionless moral agent. On the other hand, there was a growing movement that promoted the transition into the new woman, or a woman that had a career and could express her sexuality. We will write a custom essay sample on Representations of Female Insanity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ?

Definition Essay Sample on Love What Is for Me

Definition Essay Sample on Love What Is for Me What is love? Thousands and thousands of philosophers spent plenty of time on this subject, but none of them managed to give an acceptable response. Words appeared to be too primitive to explane this unique feeling. What I can say exactly is that every person understands the meaning of love in his or her individual way. And it is silly to generalize any of these meanings! For example the way I understand the role of love in my life is very original; however, anybody can say the same. By the way I dont believe in any tests in magazines because of their dull generalization. Were all different, our feelings are different, they cant be put in any restrictions. I remember somebody once said that people call LOVE two absolutely different feelings. Tears into a pillow, jealousy, conflicts all that means I want you belong only to me. But the right meaning of love is I want you to be happy! And if you think like that, there is  really no difference, whether you are together with your beloved or not. It is painful, oh yes! But such love is light.

Cumulative Sentence Definition and Examples

Cumulative Sentence Definition and Examples In grammar, a cumulative sentence is an independent clause followed by a series of subordinate constructions (phrases or clauses) that gather details about a person, place, event, or idea. Contrast with a periodic sentence. Also called  cumulative style or right-branching. In Notes Toward a New Rhetoric, Francis and Bonniejean Christensen observe that after the main clause  (which is often stated in general or abstract terms), the forward movement of the [cumulative] sentence stops, the writer shifts down to the lower level of generalization or abstraction or to singular terms, and goes back over the same ground at this lower level. In short, they conclude that the mere form of the sentence generates ideas. Examples and Observations He dipped his hands in the bichloride solution and shook thema quick shake, fingers down, like the fingers of a pianist above the keys.(Sinclair Lewis, Arrowsmith, 1925)The radiators put out lots of heat, too much, in fact, and old-fashioned sounds and smells came with it, exhalations of the matter that composes our own mortality, and reminiscent of the intimate gases we all diffuse.(Saul Bellow, More Die of Heartbreak. William Morrow, 1987)Her moving wings ignited like tissue paper, enlarging the circle of light in the clearing and creating out of the darkness the sudden blue sleeves of my sweater, the green leaves of jewelweed by my side, the ragged red trunk of a pine.(Annie Dillard, Holy the Firm. Harper Row, 1977)The unwieldy provision carts, draught horses, and heavily armed knights kept the advance down to nine miles a day, the huge horde moving in three parallel columns, cutting broad highways of litter and devastation through an already abandoned countryside, many of the ad venturers now traveling on foot, having sold their horses for bread or having slaughtered them for meat.(John Gardner, Life and Times of Chaucer. Alfred A. Knopf, 1977) The San Bernardino Valley lies only an hour east of Los Angeles by the San Bernardino Freeway but is in certain ways an alien place: not the coastal California of the subtropical twilights and the soft westerlies off the Pacific but a harsher California, haunted by the Mojave just beyond the mountains, devastated by the hot dry Santa Ana wind that comes down through the passes at 100 miles an hour and whines through the eucalyptus windbreaks and works on the nerves.(Joan Didion, Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream. Slouching Towards Bethlehem, 1968)I am with the Eskimos on the tundra who are running after the click-footed caribou, running sleepless and dazed for days, running spread out in scraggling lines across the glacier-ground hummocks and reindeer moss, in sight of the ocean, under the long-shadowed pale sun, running silent all night long.(Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. Harper Row, 1974)He wept silently, after the custom of shamed and angry men, so that when the pursuit party came tumbling, pounding, scrabbling down the trail, past the fold in which he and Hillel stood concealed, he could hear the creak and rattle of their leather armor with its scales of horn; and when the Arsiyah returned, just before daybreak, at the very hour when all of creation seemed to fall silent as if fighting off tears, Zelikman could hear the rumbling of the mens bellies and the grit in their eyelids and the hollowness of failure sounding in their chests.(Michael Chabon, Gentlemen of the Road: A Tale of Adventure. Del Ray, 2007) Cumulative Sentences Defined and Illustrated The typical sentence of modern English, the kind we can best spend our efforts trying to write, is what we will call the cumulative sentence. The main or base clause, which may or may not have sentence modifiers like this before or within it, advances the discussion or the narrative. The other additions, placed after it, move backward (as in this sentence), to modify the statement of the base clause or more often to explain it or add examples or details to it, so that the sentence has a flowing and ebbing movement, advancing to a new position and then pausing to consolidate it. (Francis Christensen and Bonniejean Christensen, A New Rhetoric. Harper Row, 1976) Setting a Scene With Cumulative Sentences The cumulative sentence is particularly good for setting a scene or for panning, as with a camera, a place or critical moment, a journey or a remembered life, in a way not dissimilar to the run-on. It is another kind of- potentially endless and half-wildlist. . . . And here is this writer Kent Haruf, writing a cumulative sentence, opening his novel with it, panning the smalltown western landscape of his story: Here was this man Tom Guthrie in Holt standing at the back window in the kitchen of his house smoking cigarettes and looking out over the back lot where the sun was just coming up. (Kent Haruf, Plainsong) (Mark Tredinnick, Writing Well. Cambridge University. Press, 2008)

Foreign market entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foreign market entry - Essay Example In case of companies, there can a variety of strategies to enter into a global market thus expanding the scope of operations. Globalization is always a positive sign for those who are striving for it (Causes and Effects of Globalization, 2012). But here it is important to be noted that expansion of the operations by entering into the foreign global market is not possible for all companies. The expansion actually depends upon the resource availability of the firm. It is crucial issue that either the firm has enough resources or not. Resources play an important role in all decision making of any firm. Before going across the boundaries in a foreign market the firm has to decide its strategy that either it would export the goods in the foreign market or may acquire a local firm in the host country to start operations. Another option might be a kind of joint venture with a famous local firm of the host economy. There will be a slight difference between the acquisition of a local firm of host country or doing a joint venture with that same local firm. Whether adopt any strategy, the important point is that the result will be growth of the firm in either case (Lynch, 2013). After consideration of all the resource availability and other strategies now the point comes that what will be the factors which may affect any firm’s decision of globalization. These factors include a long list of all the possible components which may affect a firm’s operations whether local or global. These factors may be country specific or even sometimes industry specific too. There may be certain Government rules and regulations which are not feasible for any small company. In such cases the company may not expand its operations though it may possess enough resources. Similarly there will be many other policies and rules which any firm must have to obey in order to enter into the local market. Though many economies are working on it and many of them have also revised their trade rules

Design, conduct and report on interviews with parents. (Pedagogy and Essay

Design, conduct and report on interviews with parents. (Pedagogy and play) - Essay Example The early years of children, the period of immaturity, is an important time to develop behaviors (Bateson, 2005). And through play many key skills and desired behaviors can be developed. With the effective utilization of play, many social skills and problem-solving strategies can be nurture(Smith, 1986).However, in past, the influence of the play and its role in child development and growth was not understood (Bruner et al, 1976). In the following I will present my findings about the perceptions of parents regarding play and its pedagogical value. I interviewed two ladies. First is Mrs, Hubert , a housewife and mother of Nany a 5 year old girl. Second lady is Ms.Tina mother of Ted –a 4 year old boy. 2. Overall views about play Both of the parents viewed play as a ‘natural’ need of the children. Their views matched that play helps in better growth and development of the body and mind. One parent, Nany’s mother, said that play involves such a diversified proc esses which help in naturally acquiring many key skills including ‘imagination, creativity, better expression and interpersonal skills’. Their views about play are well developed. Many researchers like Moyles( 1994), Glickman( 1981) similar kind of expression about play. In their opinion play is an informal way of developing children’s skills and behavior. . 3. The value of play in child growth and development Ms. Tina , mother of 5 year old Ted, said that there must be a balance between study and play. Her point of view is that, if child get more involved in play, her studies would suffer. As she emphasized ‘balance’ is the key word On the other hand, Nany’s mother, Mrs Hubert , is of the view that play till the age of 5 or 6 year is more important than studying at school. She said that play will teach them a lot in a natural environment. For instance , she said that playing in teams or pairs teach them tolerance and teamwork. There is a slig ht difference in the point of view of Mrs. Hubert and Ms.Tina. The former values play more that study. This difference is rooted in the difference of life style. Ms. Tina is a working lady where as Mrs. Hubert is a house wife. However, both the ladies agree to the following points about the value of the play. 3.1. Develop Mutual Respect Both the parents pointed out that games help in treat each other with respect and understanding others view point. An Innate demand of play is co-existence. Bateson (2005) has said that play samples whole life and children learn and practice behaviors adaptive to that environment. 3.2. Principled Life Both the parents agree that children learn to follow the rules and principles in playing games. This makes them more principled and disciplined. â€Å"Perhaps socially responsible†, Ms Tina said, â€Å"you don’t have force them to follow your opinions, likes or dislikes, just offer them ‘rules of game ’ and life will be easyà ¢â‚¬ . This concept of play as preparation for life was presented by Groos in 1898(Play Theories, 2008). Thus play will teach them the thing that will make them more law abiding and more responsible citizen. 3.3. Fostering Freedom and Responsibility Ladies are agree that play fosters sense of responsibility in children. As they learn to respect each other and follow the ‘rules of game’, they become more responsible. Mrs. Hubert put it in this way: you

Accidents Have Caused Major Explosion

Accidents Have Caused Major Explosion In the past few years there had been a steady increment in the usage of the risk assessment in the offshore production facilities. This is especially after the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988 and many other major accidents that killed many lives. Operators are showing an increasing awareness by reviewing the safety of their existing topside production facilities. The Piper Alpha accident provided adverse confirmation that the predictions of risk analyses regarding major accidents were certainly prudent. Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) is very useful in order to reduce the risks especially on the hydrocarbon releases from offshore topsides facilities. (Harmony, 1998) The accidents have caused major explosion and followed by some other minor explosions that release huge amount of hydrocarbons such as gas, liquid and 2-phase liquid. According to the investigation report that had been made after the accident, the main reason that causes the accident is the handover work made by two different shift personnel. Communication problem is one of the reasons of the tragedy. Initially the platform only produced crude oil. However, after a few years natural gas is also being produced. During the installation of the gas conversion equipment, the fire walls were not upgraded to the blast wall that causes a severe explosion throughout the disaster. Moreover, the pumping operation of oil and gas was continued even though the fire started to spread on the platform due to lack of professed authority that just witness the burning of the Piper (Taylor, Wallace, Ward, 1991). It was started from the two condensate injection pumps which are A and B. The day shift engineer forgot to inform the condition of pump A to the night shift engineer in which the pressure valve was removed for recalibration and recertification. There are about 106 recommendation has made for the future of safety offshore by the Cullen Report. All of the recommendations had been accepted and implemented by the offshore operators later then (Simon, 2012a). Petrobras Enchova Central Platform was listed in the major offshore accidents. This platform also listed as one of the worst and notable blowouts in the history of offshore oil platform. It is located in the Enchova Field, Brazil and operated by Petrobras. Two major incidents recorded in these fields which were on 16 August 1984 and 24 April 1988. The first accidents caused by blowout followed by explosion and fire. Most of the personnel were evacuated safely by chopper and lifeboat. Unfortunately, 42 workers died during the evacuation processed. The main reason that killed many lives during evacuation is because the failure of lowering mechanism of a lifeboat. The lifeboat was suspended and eventually fell 10-20m to the sea which killed 36 personnel. The other six workers were killed when they jumped from the platform to the sea at 30-40m height. (Simon, 2012b) The second accident occurred on 24 April 1988 which is four years later during the workover operations on the platform. One of the well that operated by the platform blew out and finally ignited that resulted in the destruction of the platform. Petrobras decided to drill two relief wells in 30 days time and eventually succeed in controlling the blowout (Maduro Reynolds, 1989). The workover well was performed in order to convert oil well to gas well. Then the blowout occurred during that converting process. The fire resulted from gas ignition last for 31 days. There was no loss of life recorded because the floating living quarters were separated from the platform during the blowout. The operator incurred a total loss because the extensive damage to the topside structure (Simon, 2012b). Ekofisk Bravo Platform is another type of platform that was listed in the top five worst blowout accidents in the oil and gas industry in which the volume of hydrocarbon released is about 202,381 barrels. This platform is operated by Philips Petroleum Company located at Ekofisk field in Norwegian continental shelf. The event of blowout was recorded on 22 April 1977, a few years after the discovery of this field in 1969. It was declared that the blowout cause the biggest oil spill in the North Sea. The blowout occurred during the workover of the production well. It was started when the production tubing was pulled out at 10000 feet depth. Then the blowout preventer (BOP) is not yet installed after removing Christmas tree prior to the production tubing pulling process. The downhole safety valve was malfunctioned because of improperly installed that cause well kick then resulted in well blowout that release large amount of hydrocarbon to the environment. There was no loss of life recorded as the evacuation job carried properly. Initially the total release calculated was 202,381 bbls by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate. Then the oil was evaporated up to 40% of the initial release and a total spill estimated is lower than the initial amount. It was reported that there was no significant effect to the environment. The investigation to determine the root cause of the accident had been carried out. They found that the main reason of the blowout was caused by human errors. The human errors include inappropriate planning and well control, misjudgment on the job scope difficulty for instance ignores the proper installation documentation and equipment identification (Simon, 2012c). Bekok C platform that is operated by PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd. is one of the listed platform accidents in Malaysia that cause severe injuries to the workers. This platform is located 200km from the coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The major factor of the tragedy is because of the gas leaked that cause fire on the platform. Basically, the platform went through scheduled shutdown in order to plan maintenance activities during the accident (Bernama, 2010). There were about 108 personnel on the platform at that moment of incident and six of them were injured because of the fire. The fire just started after midnight and brought under control by the emergency response teams (ERT). The injured personnel were the one that on duty at that time and in the process to complete their shift. The six injured personnel suffered several burns on parts of their body including the face. The fire might be resulted from sparks that produced from one of the maintenance valves. The remaining 102 workers have been evacuated safely to the nearby platform (Chris, 2010). Another offshore accident in Malaysia is Tukau B platform located in Miris offshore. This platform is operated by PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd which is Malaysias National Oil Company. The fire occurred on 11 June 2012 which is the latest accident at an oil and gas facility recorded on offshore platform. It was reported that 16 workers were on the platform at that time of fire. Five of them (two PETRONAS employees and other three contractor staff were suffered first and second degree burn. There was no loss of life reported as other remaining workers were evacuated safely to the nearby platform, Tukau A living quarters. (Mohamad Abdullah, 2012) The fire resulted from the explosion at Tukau B oil drilling platform started to spread on the structure at 9.20am at the compressor skid. Fortunately they managed to put the fire under control within an hour that prevents the fire to spread over the platform. The personnel were doing some maintenance works on the platform at the time of fire. The human errors could be the reason of the explosion that cause fire and injured some of the workers. Most of the accidents occur were mainly cause by the engineering workers that do not have good understanding on the safety elements. Misjudgment on the job difficulty has been normal situation on the event of fire and explosion. Improper use of standard operating procedure for equipment always becomes major factor in platform accident. This is mainly occurring during the maintenance works that involve the operator and contractor staffs (Luin, 2012). The most recent incident that involves oil and gas industry in Malaysia is the fire and explosion of the oil tanker named Bunga Alpinia own by Malaysian International Shipping Company, MISC which occurred at 26 July 2012. This event of fire and explosion take place at Rancha-Rancha industrial zone, Pulau Enoe near Labuan. It was reported that the oil tanker was loading six tons of methanol at the PETRONAS Chemicals Methanol Sdn Bhd jetty when a small fire ignited during a thunderstorm. The fire started at 2.30am and resulted in at least three major explosions that shake the Labuan Island. Bunga Alpinia had 29 crews on board consisting 23 Malaysians and six Filipinos. The accident killed five workers; four of them were Malaysian and one Filipino as mentioned by MISC Company which is a subsidiary of PETRONAS. Another 24 workers were evacuated safely to onshore (Almeida, 2012). The fire and explosion just occurred nearby the PETRONAS Chemical Methanol plant that arise another concern if the flames from the tanker ignite the methanol silo. The effect might be severe which can cause enormous destruction to the surrounding area. Problem Statement According to Oil Gas UK Knowledge Centre, hydrocarbon release may contribute to major accidents as well as determine a key performance indicator of asset integrity management of offshore installations. A hydrocarbon can potentially release to atmosphere due to leakage from equipment, flanges, valves, pipe works and etc. Each of this equipment has their own release frequency. QRA study is very important in order to identify the most cost effective ways to reduce risks to people and to the production asset. It is also important for company to improve their understanding on the risks and hazard involved in its offshore operations (Hanson, Lewis, Walters, 1995). For Quantitative Risk Assessment study, the release frequency of each Isolatable Section needs to be calculated. The QRA is employed in order to size hazards and advantages gained from their concession. The QRA particularly calculates the overall risk and potential loss of life and the average individual risk of fatality. In order to determine the release frequency the installation type and location are the important parameters that should be considered. Objective The overall objective of these studies is to calculate the hydrocarbon release frequency for each isolatable section of offshore production facilities. In order to determine the release frequency, the isolatable section of the topsides production facilities needs to be identified at the early period of the research. The quantity of each of the process equipment needs to be determined in order to get the release frequency. The other objective is to utilize the raw and modify data of release frequencies from the risk assessment data directory (OGP Publications) in order to classify the release criteria by using the inventory released. Scope of the Research In this research, a typical unmanned platform is used as a subject of study. A complete offshore production facility will be divided into several sections in QRA study. The sections are known as Isolatable Section. The Isolatable Section consists of different type and sizes of equipment, flanges, valves, pipe works and etc. The research will identify method to calculate the release frequency of a given Isolatable Section of Offshore Production Facilities. All of the possible process equipment with various sizes is listed down to make the parts count easier. There are three types of release which are full releases, limited releases and zero pressure releases but in these studies full releases type will be used in order to determine the release frequency for each isolatable section. The parts count of process equipment with its specific sizes can be done by using the data that is provided in the Process and Instrumentation Diagram PID. Other than that, the volume of equipment on the topsides of offshore facilities also needs to be calculated by using the volume equation. Process Flow Diagram (PFD) is used in order to determine the volume of each of the process equipment. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Quantitative Risk Assessment 2.1.1 Definition According to C.M. Pietersen et al. (1991), Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) can be defined as a method to determine the risk in major offshore platform accidents. It is crucial to determine the release frequencies from process equipment in the event of failure so that the risk can be identified. P.J Corner et al. (1991) state that QRA can use many type of methods or model ranging from simple correlation to complex computer codes. The method of assessment includes the effect of releases such as fire and explosion models, the model for assessing the impact resulting from the fire and explosion and the probability of failures of the process equipment on the topsides platform. Based on R J Hanson et al. (1995), the QRA (computer based model) was implemented in order to evaluate the risk reduction measures. 2.1.2 History In order to improve safety on offshore platform, QRA was introduced after the tragic accident that killed many lives in the event of fire and explosion at Piper Alpha platform. Lord Cullen in his report of The Inquiry based on Piper Alpha Disaster had identified that QRA as a technique that provides a structured, objective and quantitative approach in order to have better understanding on the risks and ways to overcome or control them (Hanson et al., 1995). 2.2 Hydrocarbon Release Frequency 2.2.1 Type of Offshore Topsides Production Facility Offshore topsides production facilities investment is substantial in order to maximize the production. The main production facilities can encompass half of an offshore topsides platform area and half of the capital or installation cost. There are approximately 16 types of process equipment on the topsides of offshore installation facilities handling hydrocarbon that have potential to release hydrocarbon in the event of equipment failures based on the Risk Assessment OGP (2010). The process equipment include steel process pipe, flanges, manual and actuated valves, instrument connections, process (pressure) valves, centrifugal and reciprocating pumps, centrifugal and reciprocating compressors, heat exchangers (four different types), filters and pig traps (launchers/receivers). 2.2.2 Type of Releases According to the analysis of historic process release frequency data (Producers, 2010), releases can be divided into three different types which are full releases, limited releases and zero pressure releases. Full releases can be described as flow through the defined hole is consistent, starting at the normal operating pressure then continuing until controlled by emergency shutdown and blowdown. Limited releases can be classified as cases in which pressure is not zero but the quantity of releases are much less than from a full release. The main reason of these releases is because of the human intervention such as closing an inadvertently opened valve. Then it may cause by the failure from the system itself. Zero pressure releases can be defined as the cases where pressure inside the leaking equipment is virtually zero. This is because of the equipment has a normal operating pressure of zero. Releases can be classified as major, significant and minor based on the (Pratt, 2002) statement. Significant releases are those lying between major and minor releases. Release frequency of the major hydrocarbon release is higher compared to the significant and minor releases (Edmondson Hide, 1996). 2.2.3 Type of Hydrocarbon Releases Hydrocarbon releases have the highest risk on offshore platform that potentially cause loss of life (Hanson et al., 1995). According to Derek B Pratt (2002), the hydrocarbon release type can be classified into three which are gas, liquid and two phase hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbon such as diesel, methanol, hydraulic oil, lubricating oil and helicopter fuel were included. These types of hydrocarbon are termed as non-product hydrocarbon. (Hare, 2008) states that there are five types of hydrocarbon release which are gas, oil, non-process hydrocarbon, 2-phase hydrocarbon type and lastly condensate. 2.3 Inventory of Basic Data 2.3.1 Number of Decks on the Platform Basically there are three types of decks found in offshore platform which are cellar deck, main deck and helideck. Cellar deck is the lower part of the platform while main deck is the upper part of the platform. Helideck is installed on this main deck which commonly above the living quarters. In some platforms, there are four types of decks existed which are spider deck, cellar deck, main deck and helideck. Most of the time, all of the drilling or production facilities are placed or installed on the main deck such as power generator and water treatment while all of the manifolds and Christmas trees will be installed on the cellar deck. One of the significant issues in order to reassessment and requalification of an old platform is the wave-induced force on offshore platform decks. Platform may be subject to partial or even fully submerge in the event of severe storms due to seafloor sinking the cellar deck. The structural integrity of the platform will be obviously affected and is thus a very crucial issue of concern (Grà ¸nbech, Sterndorff, Grigorian, Jacobsen, 2001). 2.3.2 Accommodation Arrangement Living quarters are the crucial requirement for the safe operational and life support requirements for personnel in the offshore Oil and Gas Industry. The other key requirement in the design and build of offshore facilities is to provide functional spaces for optimum comfort of personnel. Providing a safe environment offshore is mandatory in this industry. The location of the living quarters on the platform is one of important parameters in personnel safety requirement. The findings presented to the Cullen report based on the past Piper Alpha disaster regarding on the risk reduction would be achieved whether by accommodating personnel on a nearby flotel (floating hotel) or on PDQ (production, drilling, quarters) platform. The advantage is that personnel are separated from fire and explosion hazards if there are accommodated on a nearby flotel but the disadvantage of exposing them to other hazards such as transportation and flotel capsize (E.F, 1993). According to the QRA made based on the Piper Alpha disaster, it can be concluded that safety can be improved by decreasing the number of personnel offshore or separating production and accommodation platforms linked by bridges. (Lewis Spouge, 1994) in their study also claimed that the risks depend mostly on the separation between the accommodation and the hydrocarbon inventories. 2.3.3 Location of Helideck Location of helideck also one of the important parameters in the offshore platform and should be taken into consideration in order to reduce the risks. The scope of study carried out by K.H Von Blohn et al. (1979) included different locations of helideck on platform, effect of a seaway on the wind velocity profile, effect of varying wind velocity on the turbulence level and air flow around modules without the helideck. Most of the helideck are located directly on top of the crew quarters structure (Blohn, Peterka, Cermak, Barnard, Ewald, 1979). Based on the wind tunnel tests made on the Maui B platform, the flow conditions over the helideck for all approach wind directions tested are improved if the original helideck shape is raised 2.5 m above the crew quarters. Different types of drilling rig or platform have different location of helideck for instance jack-up rig, submersible platform and drillship because they are different in sizes and water depth. The location of helideck also differs between fixed and unfixed structure (BOMEL Limited Burt, 2012). 2.3.4 Location of Process Equipment In order to ensure the safety of personnel working on the offshore platform the process equipment should be placed or installed at the right position where there is less tendency of injury during the event of emergency. In other words, accident can be prevented if the equipment had been engineered properly (Johnstone Curfew, 2011). Properly layout the facility on the platform is the first job in building a new facility. The equipment that needs to be installed should be listed out and a plot plan of the site must be obtained in order to plan equipment layout. It is started by placing the most hazardous items of equipment on the site. Some examples of hazardous items are venting system, flaring system, fire process equipment, engines and rotating equipment, separators, tanks and unfired vessels. According to J.E Johnstone et al. (2011), venting system should be positioned downwind of the facility in which the released gases will not risk the personnel life and platform area. Venting system must be placed where there are no or far from the source of ignition. The same goes to the flaring system. Fired process equipment such as heater treaters, heater or separator, glycol and amine reboiler should be placed away from the equipment that process or store flammable hydrocarbons. It is also should be located away from the potentially released type equipment such as vents and pig receivers. Pumps and compressors which are categories as engines and rotating equipment must be placed on the site to avoid damage from any possible hydrocarbon releases, ignition and noise. Liquid hydrocarbons may be released to the environment resulted from losing seals of pumps while compressors normally leak small amount of oil which might cause fire if there are source of ignition (Johnstone Curfew, 2011). 2.3.5 Location of Risers and Pipelines Risers and pipelines are frequently become one of the main risk contributor on an offshore platform. The most crucial safety goal is to minimize the potential leakage from a riser or pipeline. The impact and corrosion are the significant failure causes by risers and pipelines (Edmondson Hide, 1996). The location of riser and pipeline should be planned properly because of a limited space on platform in order to operate in a safe condition (Sarica Tengesdal, 2000). Moreover the congestion on the platform should be reduce in order to lower the risks (Majumder, Markanday, Anand, 1991). According to P.J Corner et al. (1996), the most important approach in QRA is the failure that will cause different in the holes sizes and leaks rate to the marine environment. The impact may result in rupture or destruction of the platform while corrosion may cause small holes on the riser or platform which can be repaired and not hazardous. It is also essential to anticipate the release duration in order to determine the significant effects. It might be the long duration release of medium size cause destruction compare to enormous release of very short duration. Some risers are installed outside of the shafts, leakage and explosion will occur if hit by ships (Larsen Engseth, 1978). 2.3.6 Location of Wellheads Wellhead is the equipment that installed on the surface of an oil and gas well that acts as a pressure seals and suspension point for casing string. Wellhead that is located at the production platform is called surface wellhead while if the wellhead is located below the water it is termed as subsea wellhead or mudline wellhead. Wellhead should be located properly on the platform because wellhead load includes all casing strings with cement weight, tubing strings weight, weight of wellhead itself and BOP equipment (Anderson, 1984). Meaning that wellhead carries massive loads and part of the platform weight. 2.3.7 Location of Any Drilling Activities Drilling operation is one of the most hazardous activities on the offshore platform. Many personnel are at risk because of the intensive labor work. This is because this operation involves in heavy lifts of many components, BOP stacks, collars and precisely miles of drill pipe. Additional risk will be encountered during exploration drilling especially on the shallow gas hazards and the ultra deepwater operations that potentially have high pressure and temperature (HPHT) wells. Harsh environment condition also need to be considered (E.F, 1993). The best location of any drilling activities is away from the living quarters in order to reduce the risks on personnel. This is for instance in the event of blowout, the personnel can be evacuated safely from the platform. The drilling operations should be separated from production in order to reduce the release frequency of reservoir fluids on the platform as well as reduce the population at risk. Blowout that can claim many lives also can be prevented if drilling and production carried out separately (E.F, 1993). 2.3.8 Transportation According to E.F et al. (1993), the risk to people working offshore start when they leave the shore and stop when they return onshore. The main transportation of the personnel (crew change) is by helicopter or boat. The use of QRA technique had made the risk become apparent because the future risk can be predicted, accidents to be anticipated and ways to overcome or prevent is considered by interpreting the past accident experiences (Lewis Spouge, 1994). The helicopter accident can be categorized into three major sections which are accidents in flight, accidents on take-off and accidents on landing while crew boat accident can be described in two categories which are fatalities in transit and fatalities in transfer. Helicopter crash is on the second ranking for causing of fatalities on UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) after hydrocarbon fire and explosion (Lewis Spouge, 1994). Based on transport risk study carried by JR Spouge et al. (1994), it can be concluded that transport risks are important. Transportation by using helicopter has higher risk if compared with crew boat. This is because the usage of helicopter is higher for crew change operation since the distant of onshore and platform is considered while crew boats indicate dissimilar problems in evaluating risk due to their great safety record. 2.4 Inventory of Materials That May Cause a Fire or Explosion 2.4.1 Inflammable, Combustible and Explosive Materials Inflammable, combustible and explosive materials are materials that are capable to cause fire and explosion. These types of materials should be placed or stored away from the fired process equipment, venting and flaring system in order to prevent any ignition from occurring. These materials must be located away from the living quarters to prevent severe injury to personnel on board in the event of fire and explosion. The blast or firewall has to be installed around these storage materials to reduce the impact of explosion. Properly handling method has to be done on these materials. 2.4.2 Medium of Materials Released There are many ways for materials release to the surrounding environment. One of medium of materials release is through cracks, splits or holes in the containment envelope. This medium is created from the degradation of the equipment such as corrosion, erosion and wears out. The releases of material to the atmosphere may be resulted from opening pathway that is provided by the opening of equipment that still containing hydrocarbon by personnel with intention (Pratt, 2002). 2.4.3 Types of Fire The event of fire and explosion are common in the oil and gas industry especially on the offshore oil and gas platform and drilling rigs (Heaviside, 1980). Every year many injuries and loss of life are recorded because of fire and explosion itself. Personnel are suffered from first to third degree burn which can cause severe injury as well as loss of life. Fire can be classified into four categories which are jet fire, flash fire, pool fire and fireball. 2.4.3.1 Jet Fire Jet fire can be classified into two categories which are the fire that colliding against wall resulting in a diffuse flame and without collision. Immediate ignition will cause jet fire (Pietersen Engelhard, 1991). Jet fire also termed as spray fire. Diffusion flame is resulted from the combustion of a fuel that unceasingly released with significant momentum in a particular direction or direction. The releases of gaseous, flashing liquid and pure liquid inventories can cause jet fires (Executive, 2012). 2.4.3.2 Flash Fire According to C.M Pietersen et al. (1991), in case of gases, delayed ignitions in open spaces will result in flash fire. A flash fire is a sudden, intense fire caused by ignition of a mixture of air and a dispersed flammable substance such as solid, flammable or combustible liquid or a flammable gas. It is described as high temperature, short duration and a rapidly moving flame front. 2.4.3.3 Fireball Fireball can arises from the delayed ignition in enclosed containment that resulting in gas cloud explosion (Pietersen Engelhard, 1991). The gas cloud explosion together with fire will gives tremendous effect on the offshore platform such as destruction of platform. Fireball can cause severe injuries as well as loss of life to the personnel on board. 2.4.3.4 Pool Fire Pool fire can be defined as the turbulent diffusion fire burning above a horizontal pool vaporizing hydrocarbon fuel where the fuel has zero or low momentum. Pool fires could be static which depends on where the pool is contained. Large amount of hydrocarbon inventories have the highest risk and likelihood for the arising of pool fire (Executive, 2012). 2.5 Identification of Initial Accidental Events 2.5.1 Release and Leakage of Hydrocarbon from Process Equipment Hydrocarbon releases is one of the main reasons that result in accident. The release of hydrocarbon from the process equipment may cause ignition followed by fire. Each of the process equipment has its own release rate and frequency. The release rate may be depends on the size and diameter of the equipment. The leakage of hydrocarbon from process equipment can lead to fire and explosion. Oil and gas can migrate to other areas of the platform in a split second and cause ignition that may destruct the platform as well as kill many lives. It is important to minimize the number of equipment and piping installation in order to reduce the failure rate. It is better to operate at low pressure if possible to lessen the leak. The equipment with high leak potential such as compressor is place in open ventilated area. Separation between process system from drilling systems, utilities and accommodation is made by using blast and firewalls (Comer Eades, 1991). 2.5.2 Failure of Utilities The failure of utilities such as electric power shutting down pumps, compressors or motor operated valves can result in overpressure. Overpressure can be defined as pressure build up over the set pressure of the primary relieving device. Overpressure can cause sudden rupture or leak of utilities. Loss of cooling system such as water and refrigeration can form hazardous situations (Johnstone Curfew, 2011). 2.5.3 Falling Loads According to E.F. Brandie (1993), falling loads or dropped objects will create an immediate hazard to offshore workers. It also has high potential to cause major accidents if falling on the process equipment. The object may be dr

Importance of Literature

ENG 101 7 February 2012 Importance of Literacy Literature is a creative and imaginative type of writing. It is a source of information that leads to the guiding principles of life. Having the knowledge to read literature attentively and understand it is extremely important. Literacy is not optional, it is necessary. Literature is not just reading a text but being able to reflect upon it. There are many different types and forms of literacy. Some come in forms of poems and others as dramas or films. Literacy expands towards many varieties.There are children literatures such as â€Å"Winnie the Pooh† and there are also more sacred types of literature such as the scripter’s or Holy Bible. Reading or watching literature gives a person a chance to experience different thoughts towards different situations, it opens a persons mind to imagination. Understanding literature is a sign of intelligence and knowledge. It is not always simple to understand and reflect on literacy. It is important to be open-minded when reading or watching literature.Philosopher Edmund Burke once said, â€Å"Reading without reflecting, is like eating without digesting. † For all means philosopher Burke is one hundred percent correct. The ability to reflect on what is being told shows intelligence, it shows that you have not only read word by word, but you have read the whole piece as one. There are many mistakes that are caused by illiterate people. A perfect example of this concept is the story of a man who was responsible for the death of his son.In the essay â€Å"Hunger in America†, written by Richard Mitchell, Bill Barnhart was charged for certain criminal acts towards his sons death. Barnhart used a passage from the bible for his defense in the case. He believed that in the bible God said that no one should use any medication whatsoever. His son was sick and Barnhart refused to treat his son. His misunderstanding of what was being said cost his sons life. Bei ng literate is extremely important. It can affect everyone around you. Learning literacy is a task that can take a while, but it is not impossible.Reading is extremely important; it is the basics in life. Sense everything requires reading words, the only thing that remains is the reflecting part. Reflecting what you have read shows that you have a clear understanding of what is being said. To be literate does not mean that a person has to read novels and books. It could be simply by reading the news paper, and article, or even a magazine or watching a film. As long as you take time to reflect on the information given and understand what is given, you can read whatever you wish to.Reading or watching literacy gives a person a chance to experience different thoughts towards different situations, it opens a persons mind to imagination. The understanding of literature brings many good things to us, either in science or entertainment. Everything that our world is built on has been based on literacy and continues to do so. Being literate is required to humankind, it is important that we all understand obstacles and situations in life. Literacy allows us to have an idea on how different people live their lives, and it also helps us to understand the purpose in our own life.

Bending The Cost Curve Of The United States - 1696 Words

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Mandatory Vaccination For Children A Health Policy Debate

Mandatory Vaccinations for Children: A Health Policy Debate Holly Milligan University of New Hampshire Mandatory Vaccinations for Children: A Health Policy Debate Vaccines change over time as science makes advancements and diseases processes evolve and emerge. Around 400 BC, Hippocrates recognized the now preventable diseases, such as diphtheria and mumps (Immunization Act Coalition, 2015). The first effort to immunize dates back to the 1100’s when children were inoculated with scabs from individuals who recently had small pox, with a technique coined as variolation. Then in 1796, Edward Jenner successfully created the first small pox vaccine (Immunization Act Coalition, 2015). According to the Center’s of Disease Control and Prevention (2012), there are no federal requirements for childhood immunizations. While the CDC (2012) provides recommendations, each state sets their own rules and exemptions for schools and childcare attendance. 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